> Bitrex is a smell/taste that they use in harmful chemicals like
> *ammonia* so kids won't be compelled to use it. Stinks to me....
Pull your head out of your butt and do some research before you post
stuff on the internet!
>From wikipedia.org:
Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under trade
names such as Bitrex or Aversion) and as denatonium saccharide, is the
most bitter compound known to date. It was discovered in 1958 during
research on local anesthetics by Macfarlan Smith of Edinburgh,
Scotland, and registered under the trademark Bitrex.[1][2] Dilutions
of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans.
Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids but are
often traded as solutions. They are used as aversive agents to prevent
accidental ingestion. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol,[3]
antifreeze, nail biting preventions, animal repellents, liquid soaps,
and shampoos. It is not known to pose any long-term health risks
although exposure may be irritating and unpleasant.
--See??! Odorless! What it's bittering might stink, but damn you
think it makes ammonia stink??! Ammonia stinks all by itself!--
> Naphthalene/mothballs have been hyped up as a poison causing
> everwhere from cancer, to cornea bleeding, but they DO stink and should
curb
> a rat's/whatever voracious appetite quite well, (especially at 60,000X
> olfactory) till they get accustomed to it...which will take a long time.
Older mothballs consisted primarily of naphthalene, but due to
naphthalene's flammability, modern mothballs use 1,4-dichlorobenzene
instead. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (para-dichlorobenzene or p-DCB) is a
white solid with a strong, pungent odor, the characteristic smell of
urinal cake. It is an aromatic chemical compound having the chemical
formula C6H4Cl2. It consists of two chlorine atoms substituted onto a
benzene ring. It is used to control moths, molds, and mildew, and to
deodorize restrooms and waste containers. Its primary use is in most
modern mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional
naphthalene. Trade names for p-DCB include Paramoth, Para crystals,
and Paracide reflecting its widespread use as a pesticide to kill
moths. p-DCB is also used as a precursor in the production of the
polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide), and is used in urinal deodorant
blocks because of its volatility.
When exposed to air, p-DCB slowly sublimates from a solid to a vapour.
It is the vapour that acts as a deodorizer or insect killer. Most
people recognize the odor as the smell of mothballs or urinal
deodorant, and can smell p-DCB in the air at very low levels. Most p-
DCB in the environment comes from its use in moth repellent products
and in toilet deodorizer blocks.
Facts from the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) regarding 1,4-
Dichlorobenzene:
Acute Effects:
* Acute (short-term) exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation in
humans results in irritation to the eyes, skin, and throat. (2)
* Animal studies have re****ted effects on the blood, liver, and
kidneys from acute, oral exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene. (1)
* Tests involving acute exposure of animals, such as the LD50 test in
rats and mice, have shown 1,4-dichlorobenzene to have moderate
toxicity from oral exposure. (3)
Chronic Effects (Noncancer):
* Chronic (long-term) exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene by inhalation in
humans results in effects on the liver, skin, and CNS. (1)
* Animal studies have re****ted effects on the respiratory system,
liver, and kidneys from inhalation exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
while oral studies have re****ted effects on the blood, liver, and
kidneys. (1)
* The RfC for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is 0.8 mg/m3 based on increased
liver weights in male rats. (4)
* EPA has medium confidence in the study on which the RfC was based
because the critical study employed an extensive reproductive protocol
including histopathologic examination of tissues of adults and
offspring; medium confidence in the database because there are a
number of sup****ting studies for the developmental and reproductive
toxicology database; and, consequently, medium confidence in the RfC.
* EPA has not established an RfD for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. (4)
Cancer Risk:
* No information is available on the carcinogenic effects of 1,4-
dichlorobenzene in humans. (1)
* No animal cancer studies are available on exposure to 1,4-
dichlorobenzene via inhalation, while 1,4-dichlorobenzene was found to
cause kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in both ***es of
mice when administered via gavage. (1,2)
* EPA has classified 1,4-dichlorobenzene as a Group C, possible human
carcinogen. (1)
* EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, for a hazard
ranking under Section 112(g) of the Clean Air Act Amendments, has
ranked 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the nonthreshold category. The 1/ED10
value is 0.13 per (mg/kg)/d and this would place it in the low
category under Superfund's ranking for carcinogenic hazard. (6)
Physical Properties
* 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a white solid with a sweet taste and a strong
odor. (1)
* The odor threshold for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is 0.18 ppm. (7)
* The chemical formula for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is C6H4Cl2 and the
molecular weight is 147.02 g/mol. (1)
* The va**** pressure for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is 1.76 mm Hg at 25 EC,
and it has a log octanol/water partition coefficient of 3.52. (1)
Uses
* 1,4-dichlorobenzene is used mainly as a fumigant for the control of
moths, molds, and mildews, and as a space deodorant for toilets and
refuse containers. (1)
* 1,4-dichlorobenzene is also used as an intermediate in the
production of other chemicals, in the control of tree-boring insects,
and in the control of mold in tobacco seeds. (1)
>From OSHA.GOV
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 106-46-7
2. RTECS No.: CZ4550000
3. DOT UN: 1592 58
4. DOT label: Keep away from food
* Appearance and odor
p-Dichlorobenzene is a colorless to white crystalline solid with a
mothball-like odor. The air odor threshold concentration for p-
dichlorobenzene is 0.18 part per million (ppm) parts of air.
* Synonyms
1,4-Dichlorobenzene; parazene; dichlorocide, paramoth; santachlor;
PDCB; p-chlorophenyl chloride
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has
established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for p-dichlorobenzene
of 1.7 ppm (limit of quantitation)() as a TWA for up to a 10-hour
workday and a 40-hour workweek. NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene a
potential occupational carcinogen [NIOSH 1992].
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
has assigned p-dichlorobenzene a threshold limit value (TLV) of 10 ppm
(60 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour
workweek. The ACGIH lists p-dichlorobenzene as an animal carcinogen
(A3 substance) [ACGIH 1994, p. 18].
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of potential for cancer, eye and
upper respiratory irritation, liver toxicity; kidney and liver cancer
in animals [NIOSH 1992].
The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of eye irritation in humans,
systemic toxicity noted in animals, and on recent studies suggesting
potential carcinogenicity [ACGIH 1991, p. 413].
Effects on Animals: p-Dichlorobenzene is an eye and upper respiratory
tract irritant, a liver and kidney toxin, and a carcinogen [Hathaway
et al. 1991]. The oral LD(50) in rats is 500 mg/kg [NIOSH 1995]. The
dermal LD(50) in rabbits is greater than 2 gm/kg [NIOSH 1995]. Rats,
guinea pigs, and rabbits exposed by inhalation to 798 ppm 5 days/week,
7 hours/day for as many as 69 exposures showed tremors, weakness,
weight loss, eye irritation, and, at autopsy, cloudy swelling of the
liver and centrilobular necrosis; in some animals, the kidneys also
showed damage [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. At 158 ppm for as many as
219 days, some animals exhibited growth depression, an increase in
liver weights, and histopathological changes to the liver [Clayton and
Clayton 1982]. Oral administration of p-dichlorobenzene caused
increases in kidney and liver weights and slight necrosis and
cirrhosis of the liver [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. Male rats gavaged
with p-dichlorobenzene at 150 or 300 mg/kg for 2 years had a
significant dose-related increased incidence or tubular cell
adenocarcinomas of the kidney, and animals of both ***es developed
nephropathy. Both male and female mice dosed with 600 mg/kg p-
dichlorobenzene for 2 years developed an increased incidence of
hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and non-neoplastic lesions of
the liver [Hathaway et al. 1991]. The National Toxicology Program
concluded that there is clear evidence that p-dichlorobenzene is
carcinogenic in male rats and in mice of both ***es [Hathaway et al.
1991]. In addition, the International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) has concluded that there is sufficient evidence that p-
dichlorobenzene is carcinogenic in treated animals [IARC 1987].
2. Effects on Humans: p-Dichlorobenzene is an eye and upper
respiratory tract irritant. Eye and nose irritation is painful at
concentrations of 50 ppm and becomes severely painful at 160 ppm
[Hathaway et al. 1991]. Contact of p-dichlorobenzene particles with
the eye or the skin causes pain but does not produce damage; repeated
exposure of the skin causes mild irritation [Hathaway et al. 1991].
One case of allergic purpura that is attributed to p-dichlorobenzene
exposure has been re****ted [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Five individuals
occupationally exposed by inhalation to a mixture of o- and p-
dichlorobenzene or during household use experienced headaches,
swelling of the area around the eyes, and runny nose. The four most
heavily exposed individuals developed anorexia, weight loss, nausea,
vomiting, and liver necrosis with jaundice [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Two
of these individuals died, and a third developed cirrhosis; the extent
to which these individuals may also have been exposed to other toxic
substances is unknown. There are four case re****ts of severe blood
disorders (dyscrasias) in humans exposed to unspecified concentrations
of p-dichlorobenzene in solvents or products containing mixtures of
chlorobenzenes [ACGIH 1991]. A worker exposed for 10 years to a
solvent containing p-dichlorobenzene developed chronic lymphoid
leukemia [ACGIH 1991]. IARC classified p-dichlorobenzene as a 2B
substance, possibly carcinogenic to humans, carcinogen [IARC 1987].
--LIKE I SAID DO YOUR STINKING RESEARCH BEFORE MISINFORMING PEOPLE--
> Peppermint oil or better yet Oil of Peppermint, any Mint stuffs,
*if
> you do a Google search* have been proven to be successful in mice/rat
> deterrents, some from universities, but mostly from consumer practical
users
> who for the most part find it successful in most Forum
Discussions....and
> pricy.
Websites which sell peppermint oil claim it works. I was unable to
find ANY university website showing the results of a study verifying
the effect. Stop trying to mislead people... again. You can't prove
it, so don't say it.
> I found that micturation would not do much to their current
path,
> but they seem to take a chance and run it anyway.....
>
> There's also a lot of caveat emptor sales of "Rat-Away" stuff
with
> claimed coyote, bobcat, whatever micturation being sold, but I thing
> *Sulphur* might be the most economical answer as directed for outdoor
> use....
For those who don't know, micturition (not micturation, as spelled
incorrectly by Robert) is: the act of passing urine; urination.
It is not the end result... Micturition does not equal urine. So,
your sentence above does not make sense. Let's take it apart, shall
we? Let's replace your word with not only the correct spelling, but
the correct definition and see if it makes sense:
> There's also a lot of caveat emptor sales of "Rat-Away" stuff
with
> claimed coyote, bobcat, whatever [the act of passing urine] being sold,
but I thing
> *Sulphur* might be the most economical answer as directed for outdoor
> use....
Can you really sell: the act of passing urine??
Another example of Robert tryint to sound smart... tsk tsk tsk.
Robert, shut up! Stop misleading people into doing something stupid!
Go find another Google Group where you actually might know something!
[My apologizes to those who actually felt it necessary to read this
huge post. Hope you learned something though.]
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